Teach Yourself the Internet in 24 Hours - Hour 18 - Gopher Even More Many people consider Gopher to be the precursor to the World Wide Web. In many ways, it was. In today's Web-crazed world, however, Gopher has been almost forgotten. Don't be fooled. A lot of good information is still out there on Gopher, and in this lesson, I intend to help you find it. In this lesson, you find the answers to the following questions: What is Gopher and how does it work? How do I find Gophers? What do Gopher sites look like? What type of information can I find on Gopher? What are some examples of Gopher information? How is Gopher different from the WWW? Although you can find Gopher clients, such as WSGopher for Windows and TurboGopher for Macintosh, they are rarely used anymore. Browsers such as Netscape and Internet Explorer can access and use the information on Gopher well. Is Gopher Just Another Rodent? Besides being a cute little animal and the mascot for the University of Minnesota, a Gopher is another type of site on the Net that is full of information. In fact, it's no accident that this type of Internet site bears the name of this northern university's mascot. Gopher was originally developed at the University of Minnesota in the 1980s to solve a particular campus computing problem. A typical large university, U of M contained many departments with many files that different people needed to share and access. They still needed to make this information easy to access and controllable by each department, however. Enter Gopher. A system was developed whereby many types of information could be displayed and accessed in a simple, menu-based structure, as shown in Figure 18.1. In fact, the University of Minnesota defines a Gopher as "software following a simple protocol for tunneling through a TCP/IP internet." Figure 18.1. The Mother of all Gophers is located at the University of Minnesota's site (gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu). For the first time ever, users could access useful information by selecting menu items that were actually in English (if you can imagine that). Soon others saw the usefulness of this helpful system. Where Should You Start? A great place to start using Gopher is actually at the University of Minnesota's Gopher site. Also at Minnesota's Gopher is a directory with links to practically every Gopher server in the world. You can locate it at the following URL: gopher://gopher.tc.umn.edu:70/11/Other%20Gopher%20and%20Information%20Servers Time Saver: If typing in a URL like the preceding one gives you goose bumps, you can go about it in an easier way. From U of M's Top Level Gopher at gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu, simply click the Other Gopher And Information Servers link and make a bookmark for the resulting page shown in Figure 18.2. This way, you can save a lot of typing. Figure 18.2. Your link to the entire world of Gopher starts at the University of Minnesota. As you can see, this Gopher gives you the opportunity to go to an alphabetical listing of every Gopher server in the world. In addition, you can look at Gopher servers by region or even conduct a search for and of different Gopher servers worldwide. What's Gopher Really Like? You already know that Gopher sites consist of menus that contain information, but what are some of the specifics involved in navigating Gopherspace? The first thing you need to do is learn how to recognize when you're using Gopher. New Term: Gopherspace: Gopherspace is simply the term used to describe the portion of the Internet that contains Gopher sites. It is one of cyberspace's subdivisions, if you will. If you're navigating the Internet using a Web browser, you may not always realize when you've left the Web and entered Gopherspace. You can look for a couple of telltale signs. First, if you have your browser display the location, you can see that a Gopher site's location begins with gopher://. Second, notice the line-by-line menu structure for which Gopher is known. Gopher sites can often look similar to FTP sites in a browser, but just remember that FTP menu items rarely consist of English words and headings. Burrowing in Gopher Navigating Gopherspace using a Web browser is easy. In fact, it's really no different from navigating the Web. Every menu item in Gopher appears as a hyperlink in your browser. Simply click a menu item to proceed to the next one. Much like links on the Web, Gopher links can take you to many different types of resources. Depending on what browser you use, these different links are preceded by an icon or a word to indicate what types of resources the link points to. Table 18.1 gives a breakdown of common Gopher links. Table 18.1. Common Gopher links. Link Type Link Name Extension or Symbol Gopher Menu English phrase or heading; folder symbol Text file English phrase or heading or .txt Image file Usually .jpg or .gif; maybe .bmp Search English phrase; binoculars symbol Movie file Usually .mov, .mpg, or .avi Sound file Usually .wav or .au. Telnet session English phrase; computer terminal symbol As a rule, links to Gopher menus simply take you to other Gopher pages; links to image, movie, sound, or text files are treated as such links would be treated on the Web, as are searches and Telnet sessions. (Look at Lesson 19, "Telnet to the Internet," for more details on Telnet.) Keep in mind, though, that a Search link in Gopherspace generally searches only Gopher sites and other databases, not the Web. What's on the Menu? Just as navigating in Gopher is similar to finding your way around the Web, the file and directory structure of Gopher is similar to that found on FTP sites. (See Lesson 17, "Getting Files with FTP," for details.) Briefly, every Gopher site has a Top Level menu such as the one shown in Figure 18.1. Each one of these menus then acts as its own "top level" menu for the menus below it. One major difference, however, does exist between Gopher and FTP directory structure. Whereas FTP directories can lead only to other subdirectories and files, Gopher directories can lead to subdirectories and files, as well as search engines, databases, Telnet sessions, Web sites, FTP sites, and other Gopher sites. For a simple example of Gopher menu structure, look at Figure 18.3. Figure 18.3. The tree-like structure of a Gopher menu can lead you almost anywhere. Just like with FTP, most of your navigation in Gopher consists of clicking hyperlinks and using the Back and Forward navigation buttons frequently. What Can You Find on Gopher? I mentioned at the beginning of this lesson that a lot of useful information really is available via Gopher. If you burrow around Gopher, you will begin to find some of the menus and files that make Gopher a good source of information to this day. As you will learn in Lesson 20, "Finding People, Places, and Things on the Net," you can search Gopherspace using Veronica to find even more information on Gopherspace. In addition, in the following sections I show you a couple of the resources to which Gopher can give you easy access. Using Gopher to Telnet As you will learn in Lesson 19, by using Telnet, you can connect directly to other computers on the Internet. One thing you won't learn in that lesson, however, is one particularly easy way to find some of the most useful Telnet sites on the Net, as you learn next. Gopher is an excellent resource for locating public access Telnet sites on the Internet. Foremost among these sites are libraries. Many large libraries have their card catalogs and holdings available for searching on the Internet. These libraries, with the help of Gopher and Telnet, can offer you a wealth of information. To Do: Telnetting 1. From the University of Minnesota's home Gopher at gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu, click the Libraries link. 2. Click Library Card Catalogs via Telnet. 3. Click the Library Catalogs from Other Institutions link. 4. Follow the Americas/United States/Michigan/ link. 5. With your Web browser configured with a TN3270 Telnet client (see Lesson 19), go to the Michigan State University library. Time Saver: Notice that most libraries have both a Telnet session link and a file link for each library. Reading a library's accompanying text file to get any specific login directions before using the site itself is always a good idea. Figure 18.4 shows how your Web browser automatically brings up the appropriate application to get you into just about any library you want. Before going on, you may want to browse around the MSU MAGIC online library for a while. On your way to finding this library, notice that you passed hundreds more. MSU MAGIC online library is a great place to start if you need to do library research of any kind. Figure 18.4. When it comes to Telnet, you need two applications to get connected. Gopher Jewels As you now know, Gopherspace consists of millions of interconnected menus and files. What you may not know is that another attempt has been made to make Gopher sites accessible by topic in an effort to reduce the necessity for complex searches and following dead-end links. This topical organization of Gopherspace is accomplished by Gopher Jewels, a system maintained at the University of Southern California. Getting to Gopher Jewels is easy. From gopher://cwis.usc.edu, click Other Gophers and Information Resources and then click Gopher-Jewels. You then see a screen like the one pictured in Figure 18.5. Spend a little time exploring these topical menus. Notice that each submenu enables you to jump to a previous menu or search Gopher Jewels. This capability gives you one more way to use Gopher powerfully and efficiently. Figure 18.5. Gopher Jewels offers topical access to Gopherspace. Gopher Examples, Please? You now have several different ways to explore much of the useful information that is on Gopher. Before you're done, though, perhaps you would like to see a few examples of Gopher in action. How's the Weather? Gopher provides a lot of information on the latest in weather, including satellite pictures of recent weather in different areas, as well as complete forecasts. Probably the best place to find current weather forecasts is the Gopher site at Michigan State University. To Do: Checking the Weather 1. Go to MSU's home Gopher at gopher://gopher.msu.edu. 2. Click News & Weather and then click the Weather links. From here, you can go in one of many directions: 3. For the latest satellite weather images, click University of Illinois Weather Central and then Satellite Images. You can then view a wide range of images, as shown in Figure 18.6. 4. If you want a current forecast, with your browser configured with a Telnet client (see Lesson 19), click the University of Michigan Weather Under ground. You can also get forecasts from Australia if you're interested in the weather "down under." Figure 18.6. Viewing satellite weather is easy when you're using Gopher. "Money for Nothin' and the Books Are Free" One of the most popular literary trips on the Internet, and available through Gopher, is Project Gutenberg. This project has put hundreds of non-copyrighted books on the Internet in electronic form. Quite a few sites give you access to the Gutenberg E-texts; next, you take a look at one. New Term: E-text: This term stands for "electronic text." E-text is becoming a popular way to put textbooks, non-copyrighted books, and other literature on the Internet. To Do: Viewing E-Texts 1. Go to gopher://gopher.etext.org/. 2. Click Gutenberg. 3. Click newuser.txt or index.html to find out more about Project Gutenberg. 4. If you remain on the main Gutenberg menu, you can click any one of the years listed to find the books published for that year. Click etext93, for example, to find those books published in 1993. 5. Click one of the INDEX.GUT links to find out what all the funny-looking links actually contain. 6. Click the book you want to see. You could click rgain10.txt, for example, to take a look at Paradise Regained by John Milton, as shown in Figure 18.7. Figure 18.7. After you scroll through a couple pages of disclaimers, the book appears. Obviously, much of the information available on Gopher might also be available on the World Wide Web or other sources. For simplicity of interface and amount of information offered, however, Gopher is a useful tool that Internet veterans still make use of today. Summary In this lesson, you learned about Gopher, which was created at the University of Minnesota and grew into a menu-driven worldwide source of information. Next, you learned about how Gopherspace is organized, what types of files you could expect to find, and what are some of the resources available through Gopher. Finally, you looked at some useful Gopher sites in action. Workshop The following workshop helps solidify the skills that you learned in this lesson. Q&A Q I can see that Gopher might be useful, but it sure would be nice if there were a way to search for information on Gopher. Is there? A There sure is. But I'm going to keep you in suspense a little longer. If you can't wait, however, you can go to Lesson 20 to find out how to search for more interesting information on Gopher. Q Does Gopher offer any information that really isn't available anywhere else? A Yes. The amount of information that's available on Gopher that may not be available anywhere else, however, is getting smaller all the time. The biggest advantage to Gopher is that many resources (such as libraries, Telnet sites, and other information) are easier to access from Gopher because much of the "clutter" of the World Wide Web isn't there. Quiz Take the following quiz to see how much you've learned. Questions 1. What's the URL of the first Gopher site? (a) gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu (b) gopher://gopher.msu.edu (c) gopher://gopher.etext.org 2. Which of these files would you likely not find in Gopherspace? (a) Text files (b) Images (c) Sound files (d) None of the above 3. Gopher sites are practically obsolete. (a) True (b) False Answers 1. (a) Remember that the University of Minnesota started it all. 2. (d) You can find just about anything on Gopher. 3. (b) False. Some might say that Gopher is obsolete, but it still has way too much good information for it to be obsolete. Of course, for anything new, the Web is the direction everyone is going. Activity Just to see what really is available in Gopherspace, pick any generally broad topic that you're interested in. Next, go to Gopher Jewels and see what information you can find on that topic.

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